FvemiR160‐FveARF18A‐FveAP1/FveFUL module regulates flowering time in woodland strawberry

SUMMARY Flowering is an indicator of plant transformation from vegetative to reproductive growth. miR160 has been shown to have a significant effect on the growth and development of fruits, leaves, and roots of plants or their stress response to environment, but the participation of miR160 in regulating flowering time in plants is unclear. In this study, we found that two FvemiR160s (FvemiR160a/FvemiR160b) mature sequences in strawberry ( Fragaria vesca ) were consistent. It was displayed that the miR160 mature sequence is highly conserved in various species, and the miR160 mature sequence formed by the 5′ arm of the MIR160 precursor was more conserved. Three FveARFs in woodland strawberry were negatively regulated by FvemiR160a, among which FveARF18A was the most significant. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that FvemiR160 is closely related to apple ( Malus domestica ), grape ( Vitis vinifera ), and Arabidopsis thaliana , while FveARF18A is closely related to RcARF18. Subsequently, we demonstrated that FvemiR160a can target cutting FveARF18A to negatively regulate its expression by RLM‐5′ RACE, cleavage site mutation, and GFP fluorescence assay. Moreover, we observed that FveMIR160a overexpressed plants have advanced flowering, while mFveARF18A overexpressed plants have delayed flowering. We also verified that FveARF18A negatively regulates the expression of FveAP1 and FveFUL by binding their promoters by yeast one‐hybrid, LUC, and GUS assay, and FveAP1 and FveFUL transgenic Arabidopsis showed early flowering phenotype. In addition, the expression level of FvemiR160a was decreased obviously while that of FveARF18A was increased obviously by MeJA, GA and IAA. In conclusion, our study reveals the important role of the FvemiR160‐FveARF18A‐FveAP1/FveFUL module in the flowering process of woodland strawberry and provides a new pathway for studying flowering.