Exploring the efficacy of neurofeedback training in modulating alpha-frequency band and its effects on functional connectivity and band power

Electroencephalogram (EEG) based neurofeedback training (NFT) has shown to be effective in clinical applications, but healthy participants can also benefit from NFT. This research investigates the effect of 20 NFT sessions with frontal alpha Band Power (α-BP) as feedback on healthy participants by analyzing physiological and behavioral changes. The study participants were divided into two groups (n = 25), i.e., the Training Group (TG) and the control group (CG). Participants performed cognitive tasks, (attention network task (ANT), STROOP, and N-Back), and behavioral tests (MMSE, PSS, and SAM) at three stages: pre-NFT, mid-NFT, and post-NFT. Although the changes were not statistically significant, the behavioral tests showed improvement from pre-to-post stages. The TG showed a significant post-NFT decrease in response time (RT) in the ANT, indicating improved attention. However, the N-Back and STROOP task results show a non-significant change. BP analysis revealed a significant increase in alpha (α) and beta (β) BP from pre-NFT to post-NFT. Attention and memory enhancement, cognitive inhibition, and induced relaxation were inferred by an increase in α-BP in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. Increased frontal and parietal β-BP show cognitive inhibition and auditory attention. Increased frontal lobe α Functional Connectivity (FC) represents enhanced attention, working memory, and decision-making. Increased temporal β-FC shows auditory perception and memory processing. The results signify the effectiveness of NFT in cognitive development.