Aptamer-assisted Phage Display: Enhancing Checkpoint Inhibition with a Peptide and an Aptamer Targeting Distinct Sites on a Single PD-L1 Protein

Utilizing a novel approach known as aptamer-assisted phage display (APD), we identified an anti-PD-L1 peptide, NV Pep, capable of simultaneous binding to PD-L1 alongside the DNA aptamer MJ5C. Combined inhibition using NV Pep and MJ5C demonstrated significant enhancement compared to individual ligands against the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction.