l-Anserine Increases Muscle Differentiation and Muscle Contractility in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells

l-Anserine, an imidazole peptide, has a variety of physiological activities, but its effects on skeletal muscle differentiation and muscle contractile force remain unknown. Thus, in this study, we investigated the effect of l-anserine on muscle differentiation and muscle contractile force in human skeletal muscle cells. In two-dimensional culture, 1 μM l-anserine significantly increased the myotube diameters (26.5 ± 1.71, 27.7 ± 1.08, and 28.8 ± 0.85 μm with 0, 0.1, and 1 μM l-anserine, respectively) and the expression levels of genes involved in muscle differentiation and the sarcomere structure. In three-dimensional culture, 1 μM l-anserine significantly increased the contractile force of engineered human skeletal muscle tissues cultured on a microdevice (1.99 ± 0.30, 2.17 ± 0.62, 2.66 ± 0.39, and 3.28 ± 0.85 μN with 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 μM l-anserine, respectively). l-Anserine also increased the myotube diameters and the proportion of myotubes with sarcomere structures in the cultured tissues. Furthermore, the histamine receptor 1 (H1R) antagonist attenuated the l-anserine-induced increase in the contractile force, suggesting the involvement of H1R in the mechanism of action of l-anserine. This study showed for the first time that l-anserine enhances muscle differentiation and muscle contractility via H1R.