Identification and validation of core microbes for the formation of the characteristic flavor of fermented oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

Self-fermented oyster homogenates were prepared to investigate core microbes and their correlations with flavor formation mechanisms. Five bacterial and four fungal genera were identified. Correlation analysis showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kazachstania, and L. pentosus were core species for the flavor of fermented products. Four core microbes were selected for inoculation into homogenates. Twelve key aroma compounds with odor activity values >1 were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae were beneficial for producing key aroma compounds such as 1-octen-3-ol, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, and heptanal. Fermentation with four microbes resulted in significant increases in contents of Asp, Glu, Lys, inosine monophosphate, and guanosine monophosphate, which provided freshness and sweetness. Fermentation with four microbes resulted in high digestibility, antioxidant abilities, and zinc contents. This study has elucidated the mechanism of flavor formation by microbial action and provides a reference for targeted flavor control in fermented oyster products.