Eccentrically widened bone tunnels after all-inside anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a computed tomography and three-dimensional model-based analysis

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the extent of tunnel widening after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using the all-inside technique and to establish its correlation with patient-reported clinical outcomes and femoral graft bending angle (GBA). Methods Tunnel widening was evaluated using computed tomography (CT)-based three-dimensional (3D) models, and the femoral GBA was directly measured on CT images using the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) software. Clinical follow-up was routine procedure, and patient-reported clinical outcomes mainly included International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Lysholm, and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOS) scores, and subjective knee stability assessment. Results Fifty-two patients received standard all-inside ACLR, with a median follow-up of 6 months. Reconstructed anterior cruciate ligaments (ACLs) were scanned during the first 3 days and 6 months after surgery. On both the femoral and tibial sides, bone tunnels were most significantly enlarged at the articular aperture segment; the femoral tunnel was 9.2 ± 1.3 mm postoperatively and was significantly enlarged by 32% to a mean tunnel diameter of 12.1 ± 2.0 mm at 6 months after surgery. Moreover, the extent of tunnel enlargement gradually decreased as the measured levels approached those of the bone cortex. The femoral tunnel center was shifted into the anterior and distal direction, and the tibial tunnel center was shifted into the posterior and lateral direction. Additionally, the mean femoral GBA was 105.9° ± 8.1° at the 6-month follow-up. Tunnel enlargement and GBA were not significantly correlated with patient-reported outcomes. Conclusions Femoral and tibial tunnels were significantly greater and eccentrically shifted at the 6-month follow-up after all-side ACLR. However, the extent of tunnel widening does not markedly affect the short-term clinical outcomes. Meanwhile, the femoral GBA was not significantly correlated with femoral tunnel widening or patient-reported outcomes. Although the tunnel widening following all-inside ACLR was not associated with clinical outcomes, it potentially caused difficulties in revision ACLR. Level of evidence Level IV.