Prosochit®-based nanoparticulate system of insulin for oral delivery: design, formulation, and characterization

Oral delivery is a promising mechanism for improving adherence to insulin therapy in diabetes management.This work was aimed at preparing and characterizing Prosochit ® -based nanoparticles of insulin for oral administration.Insulinloaded nanoparticles were formulated by the water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion-freeze drying method using three types of Prosochit ® , Prosopis gum (PRG), and chitosan (CTS) separately as emulsifiers for the outer emulsion.The formulations were analyzed for particle size, drug release, and permeation.Particle sizes of the Prosochit ® -based formulations were found to be 10.40-13.85nm (for the inner emulsion) and 128.00-160.40nm (for the outer emulsion).Prosochit ® limited the drug release at the gastric pH to a maximum of 10.1%.The maximum values of drug release in phosphate buffer pH 6.8 were 66.2%, 61.5%, 65.3%, 61.3%, and 58.2% while the permeation values were 49.8%, 53.8%, 49.1%, 54.9%, and 57.6% for the formulations containing PRG, Prosochit ® 201, Prosochit ® 101, Prosochit ® 102, and CTS, respectively.The three types of Prosochit ® -based nanoparticles have comparable controlled release and permeation properties and are superior to PRG -based and CTS -based nanoparticles for oral delivery of insulin.