Process optimisation of defatted wheat germ protein extraction in a novel alkaline-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) via Box–Behnken experimental design (BBD)

This is the first study to provide a preliminary investigation into the recovery of protein from wheat germ and the prediction of their extraction conditions in microwave cavity using a novel DES solvent. The response surface methodology was used to predict the microwaved protein extraction conditions of the DWG. The effects of DES buffer-concentration (X1: 0.01–1.00 g/mL), microwave power (X2: 50–250 W), irradiation time (X3: 1–5 min) and sample-to-buffer ratio (X4: 1:10–1:50) were tested using a single factor and Box–Behnken experimental design. Under the optimized conditions (X1 = 0.52 g/mL, X2 = 186 W, X3 = 3.28 min, and X4 = 1:39) protein yield and absorbed microwave were obtained at the optimal value of 33.00 % and 677 J/min, respectively with no denaturation of the protein as validated from the SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis profile. Consequently, this investigation provides a practical approach for the extraction of bioactive protein from DWG using a novel deep eutectic solvent.