Growth differentiation factor 15: a biomarker searching for an indication

Limitations for a possible clinical use of GDF-15 as a biomarker in cardiovascular disease (CVD), elements to be evaluated as part of a reality check for suggested novel plasma biomarkers, and clinical settings still in urgent need for help by a biomarker. ACS = acute coronary syndrome; AMI = acute myocardial infarction; cTnT = cardiac troponin T; CTnI = cardiac troponin I, BNP = brain natriuretic peptide; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; GDF-15 = growth differentiation factor 15.