An exhaustive survey on security and privacy issues in Healthcare 4.0

The healthcare industry has revolutionized from 1.0 to 4.0 where Healthcare 1.0 was more doctor centric and Healthcare 2.0 replaced manual records with electronic healthcare records (EHRs). Healthcare 3.0 was patient-centric and Healthcare 4.0 uses cloud computing (CC), fog computing (FC), Internet of things (IoT), and telehealthcare technologies to share data between various stakeholders. However, framing a secure technique for Healthcare 4.0 has always been a challenging task. An in-secure technique for Healthcare 4.0 may lead to the healthcare data breach where hackers can gain full access to patients’ email accounts, messages, and reports. On the contrary, a secured technique for Healthcare 4.0 can provide satisfaction to all stakeholders, including patients and caregivers. Motivated from these facts, this paper presents an extensive literature review and analysis of state-of-the-art proposals to maintain security and privacy in Healthcare 4.0. We also explored the blockchain-based solution to give insights to both researchers and practitioners communities. Different taxonomies used for exploring various security and privacy issues in Healthcare 4.0 are also presented in a structured manner. Then, the advantages and limitations of various security and privacy techniques are explored and discussed in the paper. Finally, existing challenges and future research directions of security and privacy in Healthcare 4.0 are presented.