Grid-Forming Inverters: A Critical Asset for the Power Grid

逆变器 并网逆变器 分布式发电 网格 计算机科学 惯性 电力系统 功率(物理) 可再生能源 电气工程 电子工程 最大功率点跟踪 控制理论(社会学) 工程类 电压 物理 控制(管理) 数学 经典力学 人工智能 几何学 量子力学
作者
R.H. Lasseter,Zhe Chen,Dinesh Pattabiraman
出处
期刊:IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]
卷期号:8 (2): 925-935 被引量:340
标识
DOI:10.1109/jestpe.2019.2959271
摘要

Increasing inverter-based sources reduces the system's inertia resulting in possible frequency stability issues. Understanding low-inertia systems and their stability properties is of crucial importance. This article introduces fundamental ways to integrate high levels of renewable energy (RE) and distributed energy resources (DERs) in the power system while creating a more flexible power system. Using RE and DER in the distribution system has many advantages such as reducing the physical and electrical distance between generation and loads, bringing sources closer to loads contributes to the enhancement of the voltage profile, reduction in distribution and transmission bottlenecks, improved reliability, lower losses, and enhances the potential use of waste heat. A basic issue for high penetration of DER is the technical complexity of controlling hundreds of thousands to millions of inverters. This is addressed through autonomous techniques using local measurements eliminating the need for fast control systems. The key issues addressed in this article include using inverter damping to stabilize frequency in systems with low or no inertia, autonomous operation, methods for relieving inverter overload, energy reserves, and their implementation in photovoltaics (PV) systems. This article provides important insight into the interactions between inverter bases sources and the high-power system. The distinction between grid-forming (GFM) inverter and grid-following (GFL) inverter is profound. GFM inverters provide damping to frequency swings in a mixed system, while GFL inverter can aggravate frequency problems with increased penetration. Rather than acting as a source of inertia, the GFM inverter acts as a source of damping to the system. On the other hand, the application of inverters in the power system has two major issues. One is the complexity of controlling hundreds of thousands to millions of inverters. This is addressed through autonomous techniques using local measurements. The other is the potential of high overcurrent in GFM inverters and techniques for explicitly protecting against overloading. To exploit the innate damping of GFM inverters, energy reserves are critical.
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