Rationale and Outcomes for Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy in Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder

Immune therapy has emerged as a powerful treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Over 20 ongoing studies are exploring this strategy in the neoadjuvant setting in patients with localized muscle-invasive bladder cancer. To summarize the rationale and the clinical outcomes regarding the use of immune checkpoint blockade in the neoadjuvant setting before radical cystectomy. A systematic review of the literature in the MEDLINE database was performed. The central search strategy used the terms bladder cancer, urothelial carcinoma, mice, human, immunotherapy, neoadjuvant therapy, atezolizumab, pembrolizumab, durvalumab, nivolumab, avelumab, ipilimumab, and tremelimumab. The search was limited to publications between January 2008 and February 2020. Publicly available relevant abstracts from recent meetings were also included. Phase II trials investigating neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade as a single agent before radical cystectomy reported a rate of pathological complete response (CR), ranging from 31% with an anti–PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) atezolizumab (n = 27/88) to 37% with anti–PD-1 mAb pembrolizumab (n = 42/114). Overall, 92% (n = 87/95) and 98% (n = 112/114) of the patients underwent radical cystectomy. Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade did not delay planned surgery. Checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy was well tolerated, with no unexpected toxicity in the presurgical setting. Early phase I/II trials investigating neoadjuvant combination chemotherapy strategies with immune checkpoint blockers reported enhanced antitumor efficacy, with a pathological CR ranging from 33% to 50%. Although limited clinical data are available on long-term survival, neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade demonstrated effective antitumor efficacy for localized muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Phase III trials are currently investigating this strategy in the presurgical setting. Immunotherapy prior to surgery has been evaluated for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Although long-term survival benefit is unknown, such treatment strategy revealed a promising antitumor response rate for patients who underwent radical cystectomy. Ongoing prospective clinical trials will define the potential advantage of this approach over current cisplatin-based chemotherapeutic regimens alone or in combination.