Structurally Tunable pH-responsive Phosphine Oxide Based Gels by Facile Synthesis Strategy

Design and synthesis of nanostructured responsive gels have attracted increasing attention, particularly in the biomedical domain. Polymer chain configurations and nanodomain sizes within the network can be used to steer their functions as drug carriers. Here, a catalyst-free facile one-step synthesis strategy is reported for the design of pH-responsive gels and controlled structures in nanoscale. Transparent and impurity free gels were directly synthesized from trivinylphosphine oxide (TVPO) and cyclic secondary diamine monomers via Michael addition polymerization under mild conditions. NMR analysis confirmed the consumption of all TVPO and the absence of side products, thereby eliminating post purification steps. The small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) elucidates the nanoscale structural features in gels, that is, it demonstrates the presence of collapsed nanodomains within gel networks and it was possible to tune the size of these domains by varying the amine monomers and the nature of the solvent. The fabricated gels demonstrate structure tunability via solvent–polymer interactions and pH specific drug release behavior. Three different anionic dyes (acid blue 80, acid blue 90, and fluorescein) of varying size and chemistry were incorporated into the hydrogel as model drugs and their release behavior was studied. Compared to acidic pH, a higher and faster release of acid blue 80 and fluorescein was observed at pH 10, possibly because of their increased solubility in alkaline pH. In addition, their release in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and simulated body fluid (SBF) matrix was positively influenced by the ionic interaction with positively charged metal ions. In the case of hydrogel containing acid blue 90 a very low drug release (<1%) was observed, which is due to the reaction of its accessible free amino group with the vinyl groups of the TVPO. In vitro evaluation of the prepared hydrogel using human dermal fibroblasts indicates no cytotoxic effects, warranting further research for biomedical applications. Our strategy of such gel synthesis lays the basis for the design of other gel-based functional materials.