Transient ChIP-Seq for Genome-wide In Vivo DNA Binding Landscape

Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) is the gold standard for determining genome-wide in vivo transcription factor-binding sites (TFBSs). ChIP-seq in plants is limited by gene-specific antibodies or the need to transform crops to express a tagged protein, which can be technically challenging, time consuming, and expensive. Improved ChIP-seq techniques based on tagged TF clones transiently expressed in the protoplasts enable the investigation of genome-wide TFBS landscapes in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and maize (Zea mays) in a low-cost and time-saving way.