Theoretical investigation of air breakdown direct current triboelectric nanogenerator

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which harvests ubiquitous ambient mechanical energy, is a promising power source for distributed energy. Recently reported new generation direct current TENG (DC-TENG) based on the air breakdown effect exhibits unique advantages over conventional modes of TENG devices, such as free-of-rectification and intrinsic switching behavior. However, owing to different working mechanisms and output characteristics, existing theory and power management strategies are not suitable for in-depth understanding and further advancement of air breakdown DC-TENG. Herein, a theoretical study and experimental verification that systematically investigate the physics, output characteristics, and power management strategy of air breakdown DC-TENG is presented. A general simulation model is then proposed and verified through a statistical analysis method. Contrary to previous understanding of a highly conductive breakdown pathway, a huge resistance is observed and causes inevitable energy loss, which is regarded to be caused by corona discharge. Finally, device optimization and power management strategies are discussed, and fundamental guidance is given for the rational design of air breakdown DC-TENG.