Capillary-Assisted Fabrication of Thin-Film Nanocomposite Membranes for Improved Solute–Solute Separation

Efficient separation of harmful contaminants (e.g., per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs) from valuable components (water and nutrients) is essential to the resource recovery from domestic wastewater for agricultural purposes. Such selective recovery requires precise separation at the angstrom scale. Although nanofiltration (NF) has the potential to achieve solute–solute separation, the state-of-the-art polyamide (PA) membranes are typically constrained by limited precision of solute–solute selectivity and their well-documented permeability–selectivity trade-off. Herein, we present a novel capillary-assisted interfacial polymerization (CAIP) approach to generate metal–organic framework (MOF)-PA nanocomposite membranes with reduced surface charges and more uniform pore sizes that favor solute selectivity by enhanced size exclusion. By uniquely regulating the PA–MOF interactions using the capillary force, CAIP results in effective exposure of MOF nanochannels on the membrane surface and a PA matrix with a high cross-linking gradient in the vertical direction, both of which contribute to an exceptional water permeance of ∼18.7 LMH/bar and an unprecedentedly high selectivity between nutrient ions and PFASs. Our CAIP approach breaks new ground for utilizing nanoparticles with nanochannels in fabricating the next-generation, fit-for-purpose NF membranes for improved solute–solute separations.