One-step hydrogenation of phenol is a green approach to produce cyclohexanone, an important intermediate for the synthesis of nylon. The design and fabrication of high-performance catalysts still present a great challenge. Herein, a series of triazinyl covalent organic frameworks (PC-COFs) were prepared by adjusting the synthesis time using a solvothermal method, and then, Pd@PC-COF catalysts were fabricated by anchoring Pd. Controlling the synthesis time can lead to the fabrication of PC-COFs with high crystallinity, large specific surface area, abundant mesopores, and rich N element, increasing the Pd content with higher Pd(0) proportion and enhancing the mass transfer, thereby improving the catalytic performance of Pd@PC-COFs for phenol hydrogenation. The as-fabricated catalyst has good reusability during the reaction cycles of phenol hydrogenation. This work develops an efficient approach to fabricate high-performance Pd-based catalysts for phenol hydrogenation.