Eliminated hysteresis and stabilized power output over 20% in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by compositional and surface modifications to the low-temperature-processed TiO2 layer

High performance n–i–p type planar heterojunction PSCs with eliminated hysteresis and stabilized power output over 20% via compositional and surface modifications to a low-temperature-processed TiO₂ electron-transport layer (ETL) is reported.