Plant microbial fuel cell: Opportunities, challenges, and prospects

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are considered as greener technologies for generation of bioenergy and simultaneously treatment of wastewater. However, the major drawback of these technologies was, rapid utilization of substrate by the microbes to generate power. This drawback is solved to a great extent by plant microbial fuel cell (PMFC) technology. Therefore, this review critically explored the challenges associated with PMFC technology and approaches to be employed for making it commercially feasible, started with brief introduction of MFCs, and PMFCs. This review also covered various factors like light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration in air, type of plant used, microbial flora in rhizosphere and also electrode material used which influence the efficiency of PMFC. Finally, this review comprehensively revealed the possibility of future intervention, such as application of biochar and preferable plants species which improve the performance of PMFC along with their opportunities challenges and prospects.