Circular Radio-Frequency Electrode With MEMS Temperature Sensors for Laparoscopic Renal Sympathetic Denervation

Objective: Laparoscopic renal denervation (LRDN) ablates sympathetic nerves on the outer wall of a renal artery to treat autonomic nervous system disorders such as hypertension and arrhythmia. Here, we developed a new circular radio frequency (RF) electrode for LRDN using micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Methods: The electrode consists of a parallel bipolar MEMS electrode, two MEMS thermocouples, and a shape-memory alloy (SMA) substrate. The electrode is automatically wrapped and unwrapped under actuation controlled by the heat generated by RF energy on the electrode–tissue interface. The electrode was designed through a computational simulation analysis, and its actuation and temperature-sensing performance were tested in laboratory experiments and a porcine animal study. Results: In an in-vivo study of porcine renal arteries, the electrode could automatically wrap and unwrap around an artery during LRDN. The bipolar MEMS electrode required 13 V _rms for heat generation up to 60°C, while the two MEMS thermocouples reliably measured the temperature without noise signals (a temperature coefficient of 38.3 or 38.5 µV/°C and an accuracy of ±0.44 or ±0.49°C). As revealed in a histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining, the renal artery was intact after LRDN. Conclusion: The circular RF electrode improves the safety of LRDN by reliably measuring the electrode temperature of the electrode during RDN and enhances the effectiveness of LRDN by reducing the complicated manipulations of the surgical instrument. Significance: The developed circular RF electrode will pave the way for LRDN treatment of autonomic nervous system disorders.