Virulence Factor Cargo and Host Cell Interactions of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Outer Membrane Vesicles

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), nanoparticles released by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), have been identified as novel efficient virulence tools of these pathogens. STEC O157 OMVs carry a cocktail of virulence factors including Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a), cytolethal distending toxin V (CdtV), EHEC hemolysin, flagellin, and lipopolysaccharide. OMVs are taken up by human intestinal epithelial and microvascular endothelial cells, the major targets during STEC infection, and deliver the virulence factors into host cells. There the toxins separate from OMVs and are trafficked via different pathways to their target compartments, i.e., the cytosol (Stx2a-A subunit), nucleus (CdtV-B subunit), and mitochondria (EHEC hemolysin). This leads to a toxin-specific host cell injury and ultimately apoptotic cell death. Besides their cytotoxic effects, STEC OMVs trigger an inflammatory response via their lipopolysaccharide and flagellin components. In this chapter, we describe methods for the isolation and purification of STEC OMVs, for the detection of OMV-associated virulence factors, and for the analysis of OMV interactions with host cells including OMV cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of OMVs and OMV-delivered toxins.