Peer-to-peer trading optimizations on net-zero energy communities with energy storage of hydrogen and battery vehicles

This study develops peer-to-peer energy trading management and optimization approaches of renewable energy systems integrated with energy storage of hydrogen and battery vehicles for power supply to a diversified net-zero energy community. Typical net-zero energy community models are developed and compared with different storage vehicle types (hydrogen vehicle/battery vehicle) and energy trading modes (peer-to-grid/peer-to-peer). Multi-objective peer-to-peer trading optimizations of the net-zero energy community with both hydrogen and battery vehicles are developed to explore the optimal interactive impact of vehicle numbers and management strategies. An improved peer-to-peer trading management strategy is further proposed considering the peer trading priority and complementary operations of hybrid vehicle storage. The study results indicate that the hydrogen vehicle-integrated system achieves superior supply performances, while the battery vehicle-integrated system performs better on the grid integration, economic and environmental aspects. The time-of-use peer trading strategy should be adopted when the battery vehicle number in office buildings is relatively small, and the strategy without time-of-use management is preferred when the vehicle numbers in diversified building groups are relatively large for a techno-economic-environmental optimization. Obvious improvements can be achieved by the improved peer trading strategy, with reductions on the net grid import by 18.54%, carbon emissions by 1594.13 tons, net electricity bill by 8.31% and lifetime net present value by US$ 458.69 k. This comprehensive feasibility study on the diversified net-zero energy community provides significant references for stakeholders to install and manage renewable energy and green vehicle storage systems towards carbon neutrality in integrated building and transport sectors in urban areas.