Mechanisms of microtubule organization in differentiated animal cells

微管 细胞生物学 微管形核 细胞骨架 生物 微管组织中心 电池极性 星体微管 微管相关蛋白 微管蛋白 细胞器 中心体 诺可达唑 细胞 细胞周期 遗传学
作者
Anna Akhmanova,Lukas C. Kapitein
出处
期刊:Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology [Springer Nature]
卷期号:23 (8): 541-558 被引量:102
标识
DOI:10.1038/s41580-022-00473-y
摘要

Microtubules are polarized cytoskeletal filaments that serve as tracks for intracellular transport and form a scaffold that positions organelles and other cellular components and modulates cell shape and mechanics. In animal cells, the geometry, density and directionality of microtubule networks are major determinants of cellular architecture, polarity and proliferation. In dividing cells, microtubules form bipolar spindles that pull chromosomes apart, whereas in interphase cells, microtubules are organized in a cell type-specific fashion, which strongly correlates with cell physiology. In motile cells, such as fibroblasts and immune cells, microtubules are organized as radial asters, whereas in immotile epithelial and neuronal cells and in muscles, microtubules form parallel or antiparallel arrays and cortical meshworks. Here, we review recent work addressing how the formation of such microtubule networks is driven by the plethora of microtubule regulatory proteins. These include proteins that nucleate or anchor microtubule ends at different cellular structures and those that sever or move microtubules, as well as regulators of microtubule elongation, stability, bundling or modifications. The emerging picture, although still very incomplete, shows a remarkable diversity of cell-specific mechanisms that employ conserved building blocks to adjust microtubule organization in order to facilitate different cellular functions.
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