Checkpoint Inhibitors: Common Immune-Related Adverse Events and Their Management

Advances in cancer therapy include the use of immunotherapy, specifically checkpoint inhibitors (CIs). This approach offers patients with cancer an alternative to traditional chemotherapy. The arsenal of CIs has increased and includes drugs in three different classes: anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) (see Figure 1).