Noninvasive imaging evaluation of tumor immune microenvironment to predict outcomes in gastric cancer

•We developed a radiomic signature [radiomics ImmunoScore (RIS)] that allows the noninvasive evaluation of tumor immunoscore.•The RIS was an independent prognostic factor adjusting for clinicopathologic variables.•The RIS has the potential to predict treatment response and select patients who will benefit from chemotherapy. BackgroundThe tumor immune microenvironment can provide prognostic and predictive information. A previously validated ImmunoScore of Gastric Cancer (ISGC) evaluates both lymphoid and myeloid cells in the tumor core and invasive margin with immunohistochemical staining of surgical specimens. We aimed to develop a noninvasive radiomics-based predictor of ISGC.Patients and methodsIn this retrospective study including four independent cohorts of 1778 patients, we extracted 584 quantitative features from the intratumoral and peritumoral regions on contrast-enhanced computed tomography images. A radiomic signature [radiomics ImmunoScore (RIS)] was constructed to predict ISGC using regularized logistic regression. We further evaluated its association with prognosis and chemotherapy response.ResultsA 13-feature radiomic signature for ISGC was developed and validated in three independent cohorts (area under the curve = 0.786, 0.745, and 0.766). The RIS signature was significantly associated with both disease-free and overall survival in the training and all validation cohorts [hazard ratio (HR) range: 0.296–0.487, all P < 0.001]. In multivariable analysis, the RIS remained an independent prognostic factor adjusting for clinicopathologic variables (adjusted HR range: 0.339–0.605, all P < 0.003). For stage II and stage III disease, patients with a high RIS derived survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy {HR = 0.436 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.253–0.753], P = 0.002; HR = 0.591 (95% CI 0.428–0.818), P < 0.001, respectively}, whereas those with a low RIS did not.ConclusionThe RIS is a reliable tool for evaluation of immunoscore and retains the prognostic significance in gastric cancer. Future prospective studies are required to confirm its potential to predict treatment response and select patients who will benefit from chemotherapy. The tumor immune microenvironment can provide prognostic and predictive information. A previously validated ImmunoScore of Gastric Cancer (ISGC) evaluates both lymphoid and myeloid cells in the tumor core and invasive margin with immunohistochemical staining of surgical specimens. We aimed to develop a noninvasive radiomics-based predictor of ISGC. In this retrospective study including four independent cohorts of 1778 patients, we extracted 584 quantitative features from the intratumoral and peritumoral regions on contrast-enhanced computed tomography images. A radiomic signature [radiomics ImmunoScore (RIS)] was constructed to predict ISGC using regularized logistic regression. We further evaluated its association with prognosis and chemotherapy response. A 13-feature radiomic signature for ISGC was developed and validated in three independent cohorts (area under the curve = 0.786, 0.745, and 0.766). The RIS signature was significantly associated with both disease-free and overall survival in the training and all validation cohorts [hazard ratio (HR) range: 0.296–0.487, all P < 0.001]. In multivariable analysis, the RIS remained an independent prognostic factor adjusting for clinicopathologic variables (adjusted HR range: 0.339–0.605, all P < 0.003). For stage II and stage III disease, patients with a high RIS derived survival benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy {HR = 0.436 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.253–0.753], P = 0.002; HR = 0.591 (95% CI 0.428–0.818), P < 0.001, respectively}, whereas those with a low RIS did not. The RIS is a reliable tool for evaluation of immunoscore and retains the prognostic significance in gastric cancer. Future prospective studies are required to confirm its potential to predict treatment response and select patients who will benefit from chemotherapy.