Engineering of the pH Optimum of Bacillus cereus β-Amylase: Conversion of the pH Optimum from a Bacterial Type to a Higher-Plant Type,

The optimum pH of Bacillus cereus β-amylase (BCB, pH 6.7) differs from that of soybean β-amylase (SBA, pH 5.4) due to the substitution of a few amino acid residues near the catalytic base residue (Glu 380 in SBA and Glu 367 in BCB). To explore the mechanism for controlling the optimum pH of β-amylase, five mutants of BCB (Y164E, Y164F, Y164H, Y164Q, and Y164Q/T47M/Y164E/T328N) were constructed and characterized with respect to enzymatic properties and X-ray structural crystal analysis. The optimum pH of the four single mutants shifted to 4.2−4.8, ∼2 pH units and ∼1 pH unit lower than those of BCB and SBA, respectively, and their kcat values decreased to 41−3% of that of the wild-type enzyme. The X-ray crystal analysis of the enzyme−maltose complexes showed that Glu 367 of the wild type is surrounded by two water molecules (W1 and W2) that are not found in SBA. W1 is hydrogen-bonded to both side chains of Glu 367 and Tyr 164. The mutation of Tyr 164 to Glu and Phe resulted in the disruption of the hydrogen bond between Tyr 164 Oη and W1 and the introduction of two additional water molecules near position 164. In contrast, the triple mutant of BCB with a slightly decreased pH optimum at pH 6.0 has no water molecules (W1 and W2) around Glu 367. These results suggested that a water-mediated hydrogen bond network (Glu 367···W1···Tyr 164···Thr 328) is the primary requisite for the increased pH optimum of wild-type BCB. This strategy is completely different from that of SBA, in which a hydrogen bond network (Glu 380···Thr 340···Glu 178) reduces the optimum pH in a hydrophobic environment.