PlantRing: A high-throughput wearable sensor system for decoding plant growth, water relations and innovating irrigation

The combination of flexible electronics and plant science has generated various plant-wearable sensors, yet challenges persist in their applications in real-world agriculture, particularly in high-throughput settings. Overcoming the trade-off between sensing sensitivity and range, adapting them to a wide range of crop types, and bridging the gap between sensor measurements and biological understandings remain the primary obstacles. Here we introduce PlantRing, an innovative, nano-flexible sensing system designed to address the aforementioned challenges. PlantRing employs bio-sourced carbonized silk georgette as the strain sensing material, offering exceptional detection limit (0.03-0.17% strain depending on sensor model), stretchability (tensile strain up to 100 %), and remarkable durability (season long). PlantRing effectively monitors plant growth and water status, by measuring organ circumference dynamics, performing reliably under harsh conditions and being adaptable to a wide range of plants. Applying PlantRing to study fruit cracking in tomato and watermelon reveals novel hydraulic mechanism, characterized by genotype-specific excess sap flow within the plant to fruiting branches. Its high-throughput application enabled large-scale quantification of stomatal sensitivity to soil drought, a long-standing aspiration in plant biology, facilitating drought tolerant germplasm selection. Combing PlantRing with soybean mutant led to the discovery of a potential novel function of the GmLNK2 circadian clock gene in stomatal regulation. More practically, integrating PlantRing into feedback irrigation achieves simultaneous water conservation and quality improvement, signifying a paradigm shift from experience- or environment-based to plant-based feedback control. Collectively, PlantRing represents a groundbreaking tool ready to revolutionize botanical studies, agriculture, and forestry.