A Comprehensive Exploration of Synthetic Methods for Functionalized Benzo[c]thiophene Derivatives and their Material Science Applications

The importance of materials spans into diverse fields and industries, profoundly shaping technological advancements, scientific discoveries, and everyday life. Organic materials, with their versatile properties and wide range of applications, are especially crucial in sectors such as renewable energy, electronics, optoelectronics, environmental solutions, catalysis, chemical synthesis, biomaterials, tissue engineering, medicine, and pharmaceuticals. In this context, thienyl oligomers and polymers play a key role in the development of new materials. Additionally, thiophene‐based oligomers and polymers serve as fundamental building blocks in the development of organic materials, offering significant potential for applications in organic solar cells, organic field‐effect transistors, photorefractive holography, and organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). This review offers a comprehensive survey of diverse synthetic methodologies employed to produce a broad spectrum of benzo[c]thiophenes, associated with distinct diaryl groups. These approaches encompass combinations such as benzo[b]thiophene/benzo[b]pyrrole, benzo[b]thiophene/1‐hexylindole/benzo[b]furan, 9,9‐dialkylfluorene, dibenzo‐heterocycles, thienothiophene, and others. Potential applications in organic solar cells (OSCs) are viable for push–pull systems integrating benzo[c]thiophene. The relatively positioned HOMO energy levels of benzo[c]thiophenes, ranging from 5.1 to 4.6 eV, make them promising candidates for use as hole‐transporting materials in double‐layer OLEDs. The synthesized benzo[c]thiophene analogs exhibit significant utility in both material science and the medical field