Shikonin potentiates skin wound healing in Sprague–Dawley rats by stimulating fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis

Abstract Background Shikonin, a major component of Lithospermum erythrorhizon , exerts anti‐inflammatory and antibacterial effects and expedites wound healing. This study aims to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities of shikonin in a Sprague–Dawley rat model and cell models using fibroblast and endothelial cells. Methods The impact of shikonin on the activity of endothelial cells and fibroblasts was examined by cell counting kit 8 and wound‐healing assays. A diabetic rat model was constructed, followed by wound creation for treatment with shikonin. Hematoxylin–eosin staining was used to assess pathological changes, and Masson’s trichrome method to detect collagen deposition. Immunohistochemistry using antibodies against proliferating cell nuclear antigen and CD31 was conducted to detect proliferation and vascular density. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry were carried out to assess pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory factor concentrations. Western blot and immunofluorescence were implemented to analyze oxidative stress‐related protein expression. Results Shikonin induced the activity of both fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Shikonin treatment contributed to facilitated wound healing and higher healing rates in rats. It also resulted in faster lesion debulking in tissues, reduced inflammatory infiltration, increased collagen deposition, and enhanced angiogenesis. Detection of markers at the wounds showed that shikonin accelerated cell proliferation, enhanced tissue remodeling, and inhibited oxidative stress. Conclusion Shikonin stimulates the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis and tissue remodeling, resulting in faster wound healing.