Uncovering Current and Future Variations of Irrigation Water Use Across China Using Machine Learning

Abstract Accurately characterizing changes in irrigation water use (IWU) is crucial for formulating optimal water resource allocation policies, particularly in the context of climate change. However, existing IWU estimation methods suffer from uncertainties due to limited data availability and model constraints, restricting their applicability on a national scale and under future climate change scenarios. We present a robust framework leveraging machine learning and multiple data sets to estimate IWU across China. Forced with an ensemble of climate and socio‐economic projections, we appraise future trends and additional costs of IWU. Our model shows high accuracy in reproducing IWU, with coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) ranging from 0.86 to 0.91 and root mean square error from 0.261 to 0.361 km 3 /yr when compared to reported values in Chinese prefectures. Independent validation at 11 cropland sites further confirms the model's predictive power ( R 2 = 0.67). Under different emissions scenarios, China's IWU is projected to increase by 8.5%–17.1% (6.8%–34.8%) by 2050s (2100s) compared to the historical period (1981–2010), with higher emissions leading to more significant increases. This rise in IWU by 2050s (2100s) comes with an estimated additional cost of US $1.65–3.91 ($2.28–6.5) billion/year, highlighting the urgency for sustainable water management. Our study provides an effective approach for estimating current and future IWU using machine learning techniques, transferable to other countries facing increasing irrigation demands.