Research progress on factors influencing age at menopause

Menopause is a manifestation of ovarian reserve depletion. Early onset of menopause indicates a shorter reproductive lifespan for women, reduces fertility opportunities, and affects the overall population size. In addition, it is associated with changes in hormone levels and increased risks of cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and tumors, which seriously impact the physical and mental health as well as the quality of life of women. Delaying ovarian aging and preserving ovarian reserve have become hot topics in the studies of reproductive medicine. A comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing age at menopause is of great significance for early intervention and management of female infertility, especially for those with high-risk of early menopause. In this paper, we will systematically review the factors related to menopausal age, including genetics, metabolic diseases, iatrogenic factors and environmental exposures, aiming to provide scientific basis for the management of female reproductive health.