Application of engineered antibodies (scFvs and nanobodies) targeting pathological protein aggregates in Alzheimer’s disease

The misfolding and aggregation of proteins are associated with various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The small-molecule engineered antibodies, such as single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies and nanobodies (Nbs), have gained attention in recent years due to their strong conformational specificity, ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), low immunogenicity, and enhanced proximity to active sites within aggregates.