Development of the “Social Participation Barriers in Patients With Diabetes” Questionnaire for Older Patients With Diabetes and Evaluation of its Reliability and Validity

Objectives: To develop a questionnaire for evaluating the factors hindering social participation in older patients with diabetes (the Social Participation Barriers in Patients with Diabetes [SPBD] questionnaire) and assess its reliability and validity. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. This study included outpatients aged ≥60 years having diabetes and undergoing treatment at the Ise Redcross Hospital. A draft questionnaire consisting of 20 questions was developed with reference to previous studies. Logistic regression analysis was conducted, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to test construct validity. Pearson’s correlation coefficients between SPBD scores and frailty scores, social frailty scores and frequency of outings were calculated. Results: Overall, 353 patients were included in the analysis. After questions without an association in the logistic regression analysis were excluded and results of the exploratory factor analyses were obtained, 10 questions were excluded. As a result, we created a 10-item SPBD questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was .87. The SPBD score was significantly associated with frequency of going out, and frailty. Conclusions: We created an SPBD questionnaire to assess barriers to social participation in older adult patients with diabetes. This study indicated the validity and reliability of the questionnaire.