Recent advances on Raman spectroscopy of graphene: Towards biosensing applications

Graphene displays extraordinary electronic, optical, and mechanical properties, generating substantial scientific interest and presenting vast potential across various applications. Raman spectroscopy is a versatile tool for identifying and characterizing the chemical and physical properties of newly discovered carbon-based materials like graphene, carbon nanotubes, and their artificial lattices. The Raman-active vibrational modes of graphene-related materials are sensitive to structural, electrical, and interfacial modifications. This sensitivity allows Raman spectroscopy to effectively study the interaction between graphene and other materials, such as molecules and bio-related samples, towards biosensing applications. This review summarizes the recent advances in Raman spectroscopy applied to graphene and its related materials, encompassing perspectives from fundamental research to practical applications, especially bio-related applications.