Mitochondrial metabolism blockade nanoadjuvant reversed immune-resistance microenvironment to sensitize albumin-bound paclitaxel-based chemo-immunotherapy

Currently, the efficacy of albumin-bound paclitaxel (PTX@Alb) is still limited due to the impaired PTX@Alb accumulation in tumors partly mediated by the dense collagen distribution. Meanwhile, acquired immune resistance always occurs due to the enhanced programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression after PTX@Alb treatment, which then leads to immune tolerance. To fill these gaps, we newly revealed that tamoxifen (TAM), a clinically widely used adjuvant therapy for breast cancer with mitochondrial metabolism blockade capacity, could also be used as a novel effective PD-L1 and TGF-