Biosensors to detect low-density lipoprotein and oxidized low-density lipoprotein in cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main reason for death worldwide, with atherosclerotic disease being recognized as the most prevalent underlying cause. Various studies have linked low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and oxidized LDLs (ox-LDLs) to atherosclerosis. Early detection of LDL and ox-LDL using biosensors can support early intervention to prevent CVD or improve management. Studies on LDL/ox-LDL biosensors focus on decreasing detection time and developing new detection methods. Techniques such as quartz crystal microbalance, surface plasmon resonance, and electrochemical sensors are powerful tools that enable early and accurate detection. As a result, this technology has the potential to change how cardiovascular disorders are detected and treated completely. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the role of ox-LDL in atherosclerosis development and the different LDL/ox-LDL biosensor types in the context of their linear range, detection capability, and possible medical applications.