Formation and implication of cold-seep carbonates in the southern South China Sea

Southern South China Sea (SCS), rich in oil and gas resources, can provide a favorable condition for the formation and development of cold seeps. However, the geochemical effect of cold seep activities and the carbon cycle in the SCS are not well understood. Cold-seep carbonates as a window to exploration of gas hydrate are of great significance to investigate the material circulation in cold-seep system and to reconstruct the paleo-climate environment in the SCS. In this research, eight cold-seep carbonates collected from the Beikang Basin, southern SCS, are generally presented as yellow-black irregular column, crust and block, and mainly composed of high magnesium calcite (HMC), indicating they probably formed inside the deep fluid migration pathway. The middle rare earth element (MREE) enrichment with no or positive Ce anomaly in the carbonates from BH-CL37A suggests that they precipitated in anoxic pore water, while heavy rare earth element (HREE) enrichment in BH-CL32A carbonate shows great effect of seawater and they were formed in shallower depth. Different enrichments of redox sensitive trace elements and (Mo/U) EF indicate the strong anoxic environment. It is concluded that the difference of fluid environment could affect the enrichment degree and precipitation rate of trace elements by the relations between trace elements and Al. Extremely depleted 13C, slightly enriched 18O and the variation of Sr isotopes have archived the main biogenic methane source and the co-effect of seawater and seep fluid driven from a deep source (possibly containing the water from hydrate dissociation). The unique and complex geological conditions in the southern SCS will lead to the distinct regional specificity of the cold seep, which is different from the cold seep system in the northern SCS. This study plays an essential role in fulfilling the understanding of the activities of cold seeps in the SCS, revealing the element migration and transformation in cold seeps and their influencing factors.