Can uric acid affect the immune microenvironment in bladder cancer? A single‐center multi‐omics study

Abstract Metabolic abnormalities are one of the important factors in bladder cancer (BCa) progression and microenvironmental disturbance. As an important product of purine metabolism, uric acid's (UA) role in BCa metabolism and immunotherapy remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a retrospective analysis of a cohort comprising 39 BCa patients treated with PD‐1 and 169 patients who underwent radical cystectomy at Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital. Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression analysis showed that the prognosis of patients with high UA is worse ( p = 0.007), and high UA is an independent risk factor for cancer specific survival in patients with BCa ( p = 0.025). We established a hyperuricemia mouse model with BCa subcutaneous xenografts in vivo. The results revealed that the subcutaneous tumors of hyperuricemia mice had a greater weight and volume in comparison with the control group. Through flow cytometric analysis, the proportion of CD8 + and CD4 + T cells in these subcutaneous tumors was seen to decline significantly. We also evaluated the relationship of UA and BCa by muti‐omic analysis. UA related genes were significantly increased in the CD8 + T cell of non‐responders to immunotherapy by single‐cell sequencing. An 11‐gene UA related signature was constructed and the risk score negatively correlated with various immune cells and immune checkpoints. Finally, a nomogram was established using a UA related signature to forecast the survival rate of patients with BCa. Collectively, this study demonstrated that UA was an independent prognostic biomarker for BCa and was associated with worse immunotherapy response.