Biological transformations of mineral nutrients in soils and their role in soil biogeochemistry

Mineral nutrients in soils include phosphorus (required for synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids), sulfur (proteins and co-enzymes), iron (redox systems), and many trace elements (specific enzymes). Many of these nutrient elements are largely unavailable in soils, as they are either immobilized physically or by incorporation into soil organic matter. Biological transformations of these elements make them available for assimilation by the microorganisms at the base of the soil food web, mediating their immobilization as part of overall nutrient cycles. The key transformations are primarily catalyzed by bacteria, fungi, and archaea but are moderated by interactions with plants and soil fauna. Changes in environmental conditions will often affect transformations and bioavailability of several elements concurrently. Case studies have demonstrated this for soil formation in glacier forefields and mining spoil, remediation of acid mine drainage, and management of seasonally flooded wetlands.