Microbial necromass and glycoproteins for determining soil carbon formation under arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbioses with most terrestrial plants and critically modulate soil organic carbon (C) dynamics. Whether AMF promote soil C storage and stability is, however, largely unknown. Since microbial necromass C (MNC) and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) are stable microbial-derived C in soils, we therefore evaluated how AMF symbiosis alters both soil C pools and their contributions to soil organic C (SOC) under nitrogen fertilization, based on a 16-weeks mesocosm experiment using a mutant tomato with highly reduced AMF symbiosis. Results showed that SOC content was 4.5 % higher following AMF symbiosis. Additionally, the content of MNC and total GRSP were 47.5 % and 22.3 % higher under AMF symbiosis than at AMF absence, respectively. The accumulations of GRSP and microbial necromass in soil were closely associated with mineral-associated organic C and the abundance of AMF. The increased soil living microbial biomass under AMF symbiosis was mainly derived from AMF biomass, and fungal necromass C significantly contributed to SOC accumulation, as evidenced by the higher fungal:bacterial necromass C ratio under AMF symbiosis. On the contrary, bacterial necromass was degraded to compensate for the increased microbial nutrient demand because of the aggravated nutrient limitation under AMF symbiosis, leading to a decrease in bacterial necromass. Redundancy analysis showing that bacterial necromass is negatively correlated with soil C:N ratio supported this argument. Moreover, the relative change rate of total GRSP was consistently greater in nitrogen-limited soil than that of microbial necromass. Our findings suggested GRSP accumulates faster and contributes more to SOC pools under AMF symbiosis than microbial necromass. The positive correlation between the contributions of GRSP and MNC to SOC further provided valuable information in terms of enhancing our understanding of mechanisms underlying the maintenance of SOC stocks through microbial-derived C.