Multiplex Wearable Electrochemical Sensors Fabricated from Sodiated Polymers and Mxene Nanosheet To Measure Sodium and Creatinine Levels in Sweat

Noninvasive multifunctional wearable technology with long-term care provides a promising future for personalized and remote health assessment that enables delay or mitigate epidemiology of multimorbidity, which is susceptible in aging societies. The new generation of textile electrodes (TEs) that include capacitive transducers gains outstanding performance with stable signal monitoring capable of long-term healthcare analysis. Nevertheless, one limitation is that the existing coarseness phase during superior sensing material (SM) deposition could degrade the sensing performance over time. This paper addresses sodium-ion and creatinine sensing integrated with epidermal wearable sensors that focused on an unexplored property of electrochemical solid-contact sodiated transducers made of sodiated-redox-active conductive polymers, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) (for potentiometric sodium-ion sensing) and polypyrrole (PPy) (for voltammetry creatinine sensing), which was sandwiched between sodiated nanoporous-layer carbon-polyethylene glycol and sodiated Ti3C2Tx Mxene nanosheet. A high stable current density for 3,000 cycles demonstrated that the sodiated nanosheet minimized an electron transfer loss via nanoporous ethylene layer, redox-active PEDOT:PSS and PPy by exploiting the sodium dopant. A potentiometric transducer achieved 428 μF and signal drift of 0.02 mV/h, while a voltammetric transducer achieved 402 μF with current drift of 0.008 μA/h (within 0.3 μM/h) in 24 h. The degradation of potential and current drifts was within 0.01 mV/h and 0.01 μA/h for 6 months. The integrated electrochemical TEs produced outstanding stretching cycles and potential retention, advantageous for long-term diagnostics while combining the minimizing-interference layer to reduce sweat interference. The wearable multifunctionality with minimized degradation of SMs was demonstrated in real-time with dynamic sweat analysis related to routine activities. Hence, this wearable sensor enabled the information on life-threatening events that could minimize or prevent long-term health organ failure at sodium-ion and creatinine metabolite variations as well as facilitate skin and environmental temperature determination in times of epidemiology of multimorbidity.