Carbon footprint and energy life cycle assessment of wind energy industry in Libya

The recent investigation has demonstrated that wind energy holds great potential as a viable and environmentally friendly energy source in Libya. The study employed a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to evaluate various energy, economic, and environmental indicators for potential wind farm installations at multiple suitable locations across Libya. The assessment encompassed estimations of energy requirements and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the conversion of wind energy into electricity throughout the entire life cycle of the proposed wind farms. In light of Libya not being a producer of wind energy converters, a novel approach was developed to define the system's boundaries. These boundaries included distinct subsystems, each corresponding to various stages within the life cycle of a wind energy system, encompassing factors such as shipping emissions from the manufacturer's location to Tripoli's marine ports, land transportation to the wind farm sites, energy and emissions associated with installation, operation, maintenance, and eventual disposal of wind turbines. Hourly climate data spanning a 25-year period from 1995 to 2020 were gathered from the SolarGis climate information site. The System Advisor Model (SAM) program was utilized to predict the energy yields of 100 MW capacity wind farms at 12 sites in Libya. Additionally, a novel eco-environmental indicator known as the Life Cycle Levelized Cost of Energy (LCLCOE) was introduced, which factors in all environmental damage costs throughout the entire lifespan of wind energy projects. The study's findings revealed that the Gamesa turbine, with a capital cost of $146,916,400 for a 100 MW capacity wind energy farm, exhibited the most favorable economic and environmental performance. GHG emission factors across all examined cities ranged from 32 to 70 gGHG/kWh, with carbon payback durations spanning from 4.5 to 12.3 months. The estimated energy payback period varied from 13 to 22 months, while the LCLCOE ranged from 4.8 to 8.4 ¢/kWh.