Wide-band-gap perovskite solar minimodules exceeding 43% efficiency under indoor light illumination

The defects presented at three-dimensional wide-band-gap (WBG) perovskites can be passivated by the in situ formed two-dimensional/three-dimensional bulk heterostructures incorporating long-chain alkylamine oleylammonium ligands. As-fabricated WBG perovskite solar minimodules (PSMs) with six subcells connected in series yield record efficiencies of 19.20% and 43.54% with superb high open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 7.40 V and 6.49 V (average Voc of 1.233 V and 1.08 V for each subcell) under one-sun and light-emitting diode (1,000 lux and 3,000 K) illumination, respectively. Such results represent an important step in the area of indoor photovoltaics and also further confirm that indoor WBG PSMs have great potential to achieve higher efficiency toward the theoretical limit.