Spatial resolution enhancement using deep learning improves chest disease diagnosis based on thick slice CT

Abstract CT is crucial for diagnosing chest diseases, with image quality affected by spatial resolution. Thick-slice CT remains prevalent in practice due to cost considerations, yet its coarse spatial resolution may hinder accurate diagnoses. Our multicenter study develops a deep learning synthetic model with Convolutional-Transformer hybrid encoder-decoder architecture for generating thin-slice CT from thick-slice CT on a single center (1576 participants) and access the synthetic CT on three cross-regional centers (1228 participants). The qualitative image quality of synthetic and real thin-slice CT is comparable ( p = 0.16). Four radiologists’ accuracy in diagnosing community-acquired pneumonia using synthetic thin-slice CT surpasses thick-slice CT ( p < 0.05), and matches real thin-slice CT ( p > 0.99). For lung nodule detection, sensitivity with thin-slice CT outperforms thick-slice CT ( p < 0.001) and comparable to real thin-slice CT ( p > 0.05). These findings indicate the potential of our model to generate high-quality synthetic thin-slice CT as a practical alternative when real thin-slice CT is preferred but unavailable.