Iron particle formation under chlorine disinfection considering effects of deoxidizers in drinking water

Iron oxidation inevitably occurs in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) and can cause water quality problems such as increased turbidity and discoloration of tap water. Considering that chlorine disinfection is also widely used in DWDSs, the role of disinfectant and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in iron oxidation should not be neglected. Interestingly, here the well-known deoxidizer ascorbic acid (VC), which is also a food additive, could induce the formation of Fe3O4 besides FeOOH resulting in the color change from yellow to black in the presence of trichloroacetic acid (TCA, one of the most typical DBPs) and NaClO (disinfectant). The oxygen-containing functional groups in TCA and VC may bind Fe(II) to guide the crystal growth. Though the particles generated in the presence of TCA and NaClO together with VC had higher content Fe3O4 which would be more difficult to suspend, once disturbance happened, these particles could increase the turbidity and color of water into higher value than the particles formed without VC and those generated in the absence of TCA and NaClO. Therefore, the deoxidizer VC may control "yellow water" without disinfectant, but may deteriorate the water quality under disinfection conditions.