雪崩光电二极管
光电倍增管
噪音(视频)
缩放比例
蒙特卡罗方法
撞击电离
雪崩二极管
电离
物理
光学
光电二极管
雪崩击穿
光电子学
计算机科学
电压
探测器
击穿电压
离子
人工智能
数学
量子力学
统计
几何学
图像(数学)
作者
Stephen D. March,Andrew H. Jones,Joe C. Campbell,Seth R. Bank
出处
期刊:Nature Photonics
[Springer Nature]
日期:2021-05-20
卷期号:15 (6): 468-474
被引量:33
标识
DOI:10.1038/s41566-021-00814-x
摘要
In 1982, Capasso and co-workers proposed the solid-state analogue of the photomultiplier tube, termed the staircase avalanche photodiode. Through a combination of compositional grading and small applied bias, the conduction band profile is arranged into a series of steps that function similar to the dynodes of a photomultiplier tube, with twofold gain arising at each step via impact ionization. A single-step staircase was previously reported but did not demonstrate gain scaling through cascading multiple steps or report noise properties. Here we demonstrate gain scaling of up to three steps; measurements show the expected 2N scaling with the number of staircase steps, N. Furthermore, measured noise increased more slowly with gain than for photomultiplier tubes, probably due to the lower stochasticity of impact ionization across well-designed heterojunctions as compared with the secondary electron emission from metals. Excellent agreement was found between the experiments and Monte Carlo simulations for both gain and noise. A three-step staircase avalanche diode was demonstrated and pre-cited gain scaling was confirmed. The technology may be considered as a solid-state analogue to the photomultiplier tube.
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