Transcranial Electrical Stimulation generates electric fields in deep human brain structures

BackgroundTranscranial electrical stimulation (TES) efficiency is related to the electric field (EF) magnitude delivered on the target. Very few studies (n = 4) have estimated the in-vivo intracerebral electric fields in humans. They have relied mainly on electrocorticographic recordings, which require a craniotomy impacting EF distribution, and did not investigate deep brain structures.ObjectiveTo measure the electric field in deep brain structures during TES in humans in-vivo. Additionally, to investigate the effects of TES frequencies, intensities, and montages on the intracerebral EF.MethodsSimultaneous bipolar transcranial alternating current stimulation and intracerebral recordings (SEEG) were performed in 8 drug-resistant epileptic patients. TES was applied using small high-definition (HD) electrodes. Seven frequencies, two intensities and 15 montages were applied on one, six and one patients, respectively.ResultsAt 1 mA intensity, we found mean EF magnitudes of 0.21, 0.17 and 0.07 V·m−1 in the amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus, respectively. An average of 0.14 ± 0.07 V·m−1 was measured in these deep brain structures. Mean EF magnitudes in these structures at 1Hz were 11% higher than at 300Hz (+0.03 V·m−1). The EF was correlated with the TES intensities. The TES montages that yielded the maximum EF in the amygdalae were T7-T8 and in the cingulate gyri were C3-FT10 and T7-C4.ConclusionTES at low intensities and with small HD electrodes can generate an EF in deep brain structures, irrespective of stimulation frequency. EF magnitude is correlated to the stimulation intensity and depends upon the stimulation montage.