Long-Term Outcomes in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury

The long-term sequelae of AKI have received increasing attention so that its associations with a number of adverse outcomes, including higher mortality and development of CKD, are now widely appreciated. These associations take on particular importance when considering the high incidence of AKI, with a lack of proven interventions and uncertainties around optimal care provision meaning that the long-term sequelae of AKI present a major unmet clinical need. In this review, we examine the published data that inform our current understanding of long-term outcomes following AKI and discuss potential knowledge gaps, covering long-term mortality, CKD, progression to ESKD, proteinuria, cardiovascular events, recurrent AKI, and hospital readmission.