A review on Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality use-cases of Brain Computer Interface based applications for smart cities

Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) and Extended Reality (XR) have seen significant advances as independent disciplines over the past 50 years. XR has been developed as an umbrella domain, covering Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR), giving rise to human–machine interactions. This intersection sees diverse applications ranging from rehabilitation, navigation, entertainment, robotics and home control for smart cities. This review takes an in-depth look at BCI and XR technologies, and gives examples of how their combination produces promising results pertaining to the above stated applications. It presents a detailed discussion on the background of BCI, VR and AR technologies and further their individual applications. The review then discusses the works that use the conjunction of these technologies for various real life applications in smart cities. In addition, we also present the future scope of applications that use a combination of BCI and XR technologies.