Daily Emotion in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury

Journal of Clinical PsychologyVolume 70, Issue 4 p. 364-375 Research Article Daily Emotion in Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Sarah Elizabeth Victor, Corresponding Author Sarah Elizabeth Victor University of British ColumbiaPlease address correspondence to: Sarah Victor, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z4. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorE. David Klonsky, E. David Klonsky University of British ColumbiaSearch for more papers by this author Sarah Elizabeth Victor, Corresponding Author Sarah Elizabeth Victor University of British ColumbiaPlease address correspondence to: Sarah Victor, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z4. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorE. David Klonsky, E. David Klonsky University of British ColumbiaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 03 September 2013 https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22037Citations: 84Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Abstract Objective While major theories of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) emphasize the behavior's role in emotion regulation, little is known about the daily emotional experiences of self-injurers. This study investigated the specific emotions that are characteristic of those who engage in NSSI. Method University students (n = 84) with either no history or a recent history of NSSI completed daily diary and retrospective measures of emotional experience. To evaluate generalizability of findings, the retrospective measure was also administered to a diverse sample of U.S. adults (n = 92) with and without histories of NSSI. Results Results indicate that self-injurers experience greater negative emotionality, particularly self-dissatisfaction, compared to individuals with no NSSI history. Self-injurers also reported less positive emotion, but these effects were smaller. The pattern of results was similar when controlling for Axis I psychopathology and borderline personality disorder symptoms. Conclusions Individuals who engage in NSSI experience more negative emotions, generally, and more self-dissatisfaction, specifically. Findings contribute to the growing literature on the role of emotion in the etiology and functions of NSSI. References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 4th Ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author. Antony, M., Bieling, P., Cox, B., Enns, M., & Swinson, R. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10(2), 176– 181. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176 Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1), 3– 5. doi:10.1177/1745691610393980 Chapman, A. L., & Dixon-Gordon, K. L. (2007). Emotional antecedents and consequences of deliberate self-harm and suicide attempts. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(5), 543– 552. doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.5.543 Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behavior Research and Therapy, 44(3), 371– 394. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005 Chartrand, H., Sareen, J., Toews, M., & Bolton, J. M. (2011). Suicide attempts versus nonsuicidal self-injury among individuals with anxiety disorders in a nationally representative sample. Depression and Anxiety, 29(3), 1– 8. doi:10.1002/da.20882 Claes, L., Klonsky, E. D., Muehlenkamp, J., Kuppens, P., & Vandereycken, W. (2010). The affect-regulation function of nonsuicidal self-injury in eating-disordered patients: Which affect states are regulated? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(4), 386– 392. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.09.001 Cummings, J. A., Hayes, A. M., Cohen, L. H., Laurenceau, J., & Saint, D. S. (2013). Interpersonal competence and daily stress generation in individuals with avoidant personality disorder symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(2), 135– 158. doi:10.1521.2Fjscp.2013.32.2.135 First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, research version, patient edition. New York, NY: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute. Glenn, C. R., & Klonsky, E. D. (2011). Prospective prediction of nonsuicidal self-injury: A 1-year longitudinal study in young adults. Behavior Therapy, 42, 751– 762. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.04.005 Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2010). The relationship between emotion dysregulation and deliberate self-harm among inpatients with substance use disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(6), 544– 553. doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9268-4 Green, A. S., Rafaeli, E., Bolger, N., Shrout, P. E., & Reis, H. T. (2006). Paper or plastic? Data equivalence in paper and electronic diaries. Psychological Methods, 11(1), 87– 105. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.11.1.87 International Society for the Study of Self-Injury. (2007). About self-injury. Retrieved from http://www.isssweb.org/aboutnssi.php Kamphuis, J. H., Ruyling, S. B., & Reijntjes, A. H. (2007). Testing the emotion regulation hypothesis among self-injuring females: Evidence for differences across mood states. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(11), 912– 8. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181593d89 Kleindienst, N., Bohus, M., Ludäscher, P., Limberger, M. F., Kuenkele, K., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., … Schmahl, C. (2008). Motives for nonsuicidal self-injury among women with borderline personality disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196(3), 230– 6. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181663026 Klonsky, E. D. (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 226– 39. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002 Klonsky, E. D. (2009). The functions of self-injury in young adults who cut themselves: Clarifying the evidence for affect-regulation. Psychiatry Research, 166(2–3), 260– 268. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.02.008 Klonsky, E. D. (2011). Non-suicidal self-injury in United States adults: Prevalence, sociodemographics, topography and functions. Psychological Medicine, 41(9), 1981– 1986. doi:10.1017/S0033291710002497 Klonsky, E.D., May, A., & Glenn, C.R. (2013). The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and attempted suicide: Converging evidence from four samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1), 231– 237. doi:10.1037/a0030278 Klonsky, E. D., & Olino, T. M. (2008). Identifying clinically distinct subgroups of self-injurers among young adults: A latent class analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 22– 27. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.22 Klonsky, E. D., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2003). Deliberate self-harm in a nonclinical population: Prevalence and psychological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(8), 1501– 1508. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1501 Laye-Gindhu, A., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2005). Nonsuicidal self-harm among community adolescents: Understanding the “whats” and “whys” of self-harm. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(5), 447– 457. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335– 343. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. ( 2nd Edition). Sydney: Psychology Foundation Moore, T. M., Elkins, S. R., McNulty, J. K., Kivisto, A. J., & Handsel, V. A. (2011). Alcohol use and intimate partner violence perpetration among college students: Assessing the temporal association using electronic diary technology. Psychology of Violence, 1(4), 315– 328. doi:10.1037/a0025077 Nock, M. K., Joiner, T. E., Gordon, K. H., Lloyd-Richardson, E., & Prinstein, M. J. (2006). Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Research, 144(1), 65– 72. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.05.010 Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2005). Contextual features and behavioral functions of self-mutilation among adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(1), 140– 146. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.140 Nock, M. K., Prinstein, M. J., & Sterba, S. K. (2009). Revealing the form and function of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors: A real-time ecological assessment study among adolescents and young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(4), 816– 827. doi:10.1037/a0016948 Pfohl, B., Blum, N. S., & Zimmerman, M. (1997). Structured interview for DSM-IV personality: SIDP-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. Rogers, R. (2001). Handbook of diagnostic and structured interviewing. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Selby, E. A., Bender, T. W., Gordon, K. H., Nock, M. K., & Joiner, T. E. (2012). Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) disorder: A preliminary study. Personality Disorders, 3(2), 167– 75. doi:10.1037/a0024405 Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., & Williams, J. B. M. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of the PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 1737– 1744. doi:10.1001/jama.282.18.1737 St Germain, S. A., & Hooley, J. M. (2012). Direct and indirect forms of non-suicidal self-injury: Evidence for a distinction. Psychiatry Research, 197(1–2), 78– 84. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.050 Zanarini, M. C., Skodol, A. E., Bender, D., Dolan, R., Sanislow, C., Schaefer, E., … Gunderson, J. G. (2000). The collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study: Reliability of Axis I and II diagnoses. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14(4), 291– 299. Zanarini, M. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Parachini, E. A., Boulanger, J. L., Frankenburg, F. R., & Hennen, J. (2003). A screening measure for BPD: The Mclean screening instrument for borderline personality disorder (MSI-BPD). Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(6), 568– 573. doi:10.1521/pedi.17.6.568.25355 Zlotnick, C., Shea, M. T., Pearlstein, T., Simpson, E., Costello, E., & Begin, A. (1996). The relationship between dissociative symptoms, alexithymia, impulsivity, sexual abuse, and self-mutilation. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 37(1), 12– 16. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90044-9 Citing Literature Volume70, Issue4April 2014Pages 364-375 ReferencesRelatedInformation